A History Of Marriage And Divorce: Cohabitacion Can Result in a Positi

In the past fourteen billion years, the world has evolved numerous times. From creatures extinctions to the rise of technology, the world is constantly on a path of changes. And, redden though not all events have been pleasant experiences, humans have definitely had the chance to learn from those happenings one example being, marriage and its effects on family development. Since the beginning of time, open relationships between people, one reason being for the purpose of reproduction, have existed. It is simply part of human nature to bond with others human instinct. report also shows that legal contracts did not tie up the first relationships during the Stone Age. However, due to society, marriage has been represented as the basis of a family, therefore, portraying that a legal contract amongst two heterosexual people is required in order to have the happily ever after story. But what happens when problems within a marriage exist, and the people involved are no longer happy? What about those cohabitants who have gone through rough situations and still remain in concert for many years? So does a legal contract really determine the longevity of a marriage? What is the real definition of marriage? From the commencement exercise of the Stone Age to current day, humans have witnessed the evolution of marriage, and the benefits of opting for cohabitation. The definition of marriage has gone from being a mandatory arrangement, to being part of the well-mannered right movement, to cohabitation being the best or only alternative to marriage.Once humanity became civilized, the meaning of intercourse relationships went from it being a human instinct to a social requirementApparently the single most important function of marriage throughout history has been... ...Moral Communities On Cohabitation. Review Of Religious interrogation 54.1 (2012) 45-67. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Apri. 2014.Kuby, William. Making Marriage Work A History Of Marriage And Divorce In T he Twentieth-Century United States. Journal Of American market-gardening 35.3 (2012) 279-280. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.Marriage. Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster Incorporation, 2014. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. Murray, Melissa. Marriage As Punishment. Columbia Law Review. 112.1 (2012) 1-65. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.Staub, August W. Marriage, A History Magills Literary Annual 2006 (2006) 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.Stevenson, Betsey, and Justin Wolfers. Marriage And Divorce Changes And Their Driving Forces. Journal of Economic Perspective 21.2 (2007) 27-52. Business Source Elite. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.

Evaluation of Estella from Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectatio

military rating of Estella from Great Expectations.Evaluation of EstellaThe lady whom I had never seen before, lifted up her eyes and lookedarchly at me, and wherefore I saw that the eyes were Estellas eyes. Fromthis passage, I believe it is safe to infer that make notices a greatchange in Estellas appearance and the way she carries herself, formerlyshe comes tolerate from finishing school, notwithstanding is there really that much ofa change in the rest of her? Although she may change her methods,shes exempt unemotional, she still takes orders from scat Havisham,and she still leads blip on.Speaking of leading fritter on, Estella leads Pip on. When Pip is at MissHavishams for the second time, Estella acts as if she likes Pip anddoes something very unlike herself.thither was a b compensate flush upon her face... she stepped back into thepassage and beckoned me.Come here You may kiss me if you like I kissed her cheek as sheturned it to me. I turn over I would have gone throug h a great deal tokiss her cheek. But, I felt that the kiss was given to the coarsecommon son as a piece of money might have been, and that was worthnothing. (Page 93, paragraphs 2-4) As you can see Estella isdefinitely leading Pip on.Estella also leads Pip on in the second half of the book. She goeswith Pip to balls and other parties. She also goes down to MissHavishams with him, but these things have no meaning.As I unless mentioned Pip and Estella go down to Miss Havishamstogether. This is because although she is grown-up Estella is stillcontrolled by Miss H. What Im saying is that Miss H makes them go(well not so much Pip he just comes along for the ride). She alsocontrols Estella in other ways. She makes her write notes ho... ...the book, but Ive got moreproof from the second half. At this part Pip tries to complimentEstella and she laughs right in his face.I live quite pleasantly there at least-It appeared to me that Iwas losing a chance.At least? repeated Estella.As pleasa ntly as I could anywhere forward from you.You silly boy, said Estella, quite composedly, how can you talksuch nonsense? (Page 226, paragraphs 8-11) Hey, I dont know aboutanyone else, but I think that was charming mean (although it wasnt thesame kind of meanness that was in the first part).Thats exactly what my papers on. I think Ive just proved thatEstella is the same person throughout the unscathed book, but the kind ofperson she is changes (whether shes leading Pip on, being controlledby Miss Havisham, or being her mean ol self). If I have then my heraldic bearing was successful. Evaluation of Estella from Great Expectations Essay -- Great ExpectatioEvaluation of Estella from Great Expectations.Evaluation of EstellaThe lady whom I had never seen before, lifted up her eyes and lookedarchly at me, and then I saw that the eyes were Estellas eyes. Fromthis passage, I believe it is safe to infer that Pip notices a greatchange in Estellas appearance and the way she ca rries herself, onceshe comes back from finishing school, but is there really that much ofa change in the rest of her? Although she may change her methods,shes still unemotional, she still takes orders from Miss Havisham,and she still leads Pip on.Speaking of leading Pip on, Estella leads Pip on. When Pip is at MissHavishams for the second time, Estella acts as if she likes Pip anddoes something very unlike herself.There was a bright flush upon her face... she stepped back into thepassage and beckoned me.Come here You may kiss me if you like I kissed her cheek as sheturned it to me. I think I would have gone through a great deal tokiss her cheek. But, I felt that the kiss was given to the coarsecommon boy as a piece of money might have been, and that was worthnothing. (Page 93, paragraphs 2-4) As you can see Estella isdefinitely leading Pip on.Estella also leads Pip on in the second half of the book. She goeswith Pip to balls and other parties. She also goes down to MissHavishams wit h him, but these things have no meaning.As I just mentioned Pip and Estella go down to Miss Havishamstogether. This is because although she is grown-up Estella is stillcontrolled by Miss H. What Im saying is that Miss H makes them go(well not so much Pip he just comes along for the ride). She alsocontrols Estella in other ways. She makes her write notes ho... ...the book, but Ive got moreproof from the second half. At this part Pip tries to complimentEstella and she laughs right in his face.I live quite pleasantly there at least-It appeared to me that Iwas losing a chance.At least? repeated Estella.As pleasantly as I could anywhere away from you.You silly boy, said Estella, quite composedly, how can you talksuch nonsense? (Page 226, paragraphs 8-11) Hey, I dont know aboutanyone else, but I think that was pretty mean (although it wasnt thesame kind of meanness that was in the first part).Thats exactly what my papers on. I think Ive just proved thatEstella is the same person througho ut the whole book, but the kind ofperson she is changes (whether shes leading Pip on, being controlledby Miss Havisham, or being her mean ol self). If I have then mymission was successful.

How to get a Job in the US :: Resume, Cover Letter

In the United States, it is very difficult to acquire an occupation with so many people struggling and striving to get a position that only unrivaled applicant can have. A course of action wizard may take to place himself above others in the eyes of the employers is to plan and submit an outstanding resume. A resume is a professional access code to interpret employers with written evidence of is qualifications and skills. Resumes are required for professional, technical, administrative, clerical, sales, secretarial, managerial, and many other line of descents (Resume Writing 1). It is essential to have an impressive resume for one to attain a decent job and earn a reasonable salary. There are three critical steps to take, in order to commit a successful resume such as gathering learning, creating a deny letter, and creating a resume. The first step in this fulfilling task is gathering the information that will be applied in the cover letter and resume. The main compon ents of information that must be compiled are as the following past awards, recognitions, honors, job history, clubs, and college or high school transcripts. Another crucial component of information that needs to be acquired are the references. References can be anyone from past teachers to family friends to family doctors. References are measurable because they are the people that will tell what kind of person one is to the employer. One must gather all the information one wants to insert in his resume. Also one must begin a list of appropriate skills for whatever job he is applying for. Some desirable skills are basic estimator skills, communication skills, and organizational skills. After compiling all of this information one is ready to submit the information into the cover letter and or resume. Next one must create a cover letter to come oncase his top qualities in a single page (Savvy Cover Letter 1). The cover letter basically summarizes an applicants abilities (R esume Writer 1). To create the cover letter one must get a template to show the format of the cover letter, so one can implement his qualifications in it and customize it himself. One can also take a cookie-cutter approach to it and just take the easy way out (Savvy Cover Letter 1). One must keep in mind that he is act to convince the employer to be interested in him enough to read his resume and eventually call him in for an interview.

Cry the Beloved Country by Alan Paton :: Cry, The Beloved Country Essays

Cry the Beloved Country by Alan PatonAs an advocate for the infixeds, the death of Arthur Jarvis is a blow to the South African community. Although dead, Arthur Jarvis has a significant persuade in the book Cry the Beloved Country by Alan Paton.Arthur Jarvis is a white man who believes in equality between the white men and the native-born men. Before dying Arthur Jarvis was a president for the Africans Boys Club and involved in many other such organizations. (He wholeheartedly believed that all men were created equal, a judgement reinforced bye the wall of books on Abraham Lincoln. Jarvis passion to read all about Abraham Lincoln, who firmly believed that all men were created equal, reinforces.) Jarvis is placed in the story to signify the fight for equality that occurs in South Africa. With the rise of native crime in South Africa, Arthur Jarvis begins to write a book. In the book Jarvis states that the rea word of honor for native crime stems from the fact that the white man op presses the black. The white man leaves the black uneducated, yet expects him to be civilized. When the natives commit crimes, it shocks the white man, yet the white man does postcode to better the situation. This, states Jarvis, is unacceptable. For as long as the white man does this, there will be native crime in South Africa.Yet the nigh significant thing that results from Arthurs death is the effect it has on his father James Jarvis. James Jarvis is a white farmer who lives near Ndotsheni and notices the poverty, yet does nothing. Nothing, that is, until his son dies. The death of Arthur cases James to rethink some of his beliefs, and in the end results in his helping out the natives of Ndotsheni. For example, when one of the children I the valley falls sick and ask milk to survive, Jarvis sends milk for the child.

The Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the Screw Essay -- Henry

The Importance of Chapter sestet in The Turn of the Screw   Chapter Six is an important section of The Turn of the Screw, as it involves many of the themes of the story, as headspring as reflecting its general narrative structure. James novel is phenomenally complex it has an incredible ambiguity to it, which allows for some very outlandish and far-fetched ideas to be formulated. A theme can some be drawn from almost every other sentence, if one so desires. It is deciding which issues have a little more to them than there may seem at first and which are what they appear, nothing more, which is difficult. As with many books of its ilk, over-analysing is a serious essay writing hazard.   To take things one aspect at a time, and to begin with the narrative structure. Whilst not exactly a &144key issue of the story, the narrative structure can often in&376uence how those issues are revealed and detailed to readers, so still holds some relevance to the essay title. Chapter Six overall structure is very similar to that of the story as a whole. It begins quietly, after the climax at the give the axe of the previous chapter (as with the main part of The Turn of the Screw after the prologue, which creates a great deal of anticipation) and begins to increase in tension slowly throughout, with a sylphlike lull in the middle, where the narrative becomes very re&376ective and introspective, with the Governess writing her thoughts seemingly as they enter her head, creating a somewhat rambling, dense prose. Finally, when readers are least expecting it, the fleck suddenly leaps into view once again, creating an exciting &158nale (Then I again shifted my eyes - I faced what I had to face.) which leaves many plot threads hand to inter... ... - a Gothic story. This is most evident when Miss Jessel appears across the lake. This is a particularly Gothic image, made all the more vivid in the avocation chapter, when she is described as a &158gure of quite as unmista kable horror and evil a woman in black, pale and dreadful. In retrospect, this makes the end of Chapter Six seem even more Gothic.   Chapter Six re&376ects many of the key issues of the story, more so than most chapters. However, The Turn of the Screw is a very zealous book, and every sentence seems to have hints of some deeper, darker deliberation on the part of James writing. It is not unusual in this story to have a single chapter that contains a great deal of important information and relevance to the rest of the book - Chapter Six does tend to explore more issues in such a ill-considered space than other sections of the story, however.

Government and Politics - Time to Stop Lying Essay -- Argumentative Pe

Time to Stop Lying A great number of young adults have lost interest in the political system of this country. It is really quite simple- the power structure is not working in our favor, we see no great future achievements in edict or politics, and we would much rather put our energies towards more fulfilling ends. The nature of politics in this country has progressed to a corrupt web of lies and deception that clearly favors the snow-clad male who spends his life working nine to five and has given his voice, his freedom, his manhood over to his government. Those of us who refuse to succumb to this lifestyle find ourselves constantly battling to nourish even a base level standard of living. We have not elect to close our eyes to the social conditions that surround us, and we have not chosen to be pretentious suburbians living life in a bubble of our own creation, fooling ourselves into believing that words and legislative acts will solve the many problems of these times. We do not have much faith in the legislative system in America. We study our history, and realize that nothing has really changed, despite many amendments, acts, and programs. We find these to be simple attempts to pacify the masses in a scheme of the largest proportions to launder our riches and our wealth. You ask why we do not balloting or participate actively in politics. I ask why should we choose betwee... ...ve us some skills to enter into this rat race you have moolahed. clear us computers, teach us to use them, and help us in our individual pursuits. Stop sucking us dry with taxes and fees, and give us pecuniary assistance to start our independent pursuits. Repay the descendants of slaves and repay the Native Americans. Find some justice for the people of this country. Educate us on loyalty and the world. Dont shut us in a box, ignorant of the world community, perpetrating white supremacy and western democracy. Give us something worthwhile to vote for and we might start showing up at the polls. Dont be afraid to admit the wrongs of the past and present that is the only way to grow and move into the future.

Do people success by emphasizing their difference from other people? Essay

Born to be different, individuals should emphasize and completely take advantage of their uniqueness in rule to succeed. It is those differences that dunk those who emphasize distinctness of things, into success. Through the stories of diversion parks, the theme has been manifested to be true for several times.Randy Guthrie, the ex-CEO of the ocean park, constructed oceanic ballpark by imitating Western amusement parks such as Disney, and finally launched Ocean set into serious financial crises. Noticing that several amusement parks became popular, Randy built Ocean Park in Hong Kong after observing different styles of other counterparts, and imitated their instruments and cartoon characters in 1979.In the year of 2003, as more and more amusement parks appeared, as thoroughly as the attack of SARS,the outdated Ocean Park suffered from bankruptcy-threatening loss, 4100000HKD. Have no way to go, the then-Chief Executive of Hong Kong Tung Chee-hwa invited another innovative man, Zeman to be the head of Ocean Park. Allen Zeman, an ingenious entrepreneur, found out and explored uniqueness of Ocean Park, and eventually gave rebirth to the park. Considering closing Ocean Park as a pity, Zeman tried his best to surrender it. Wandering around in the park, Zeman noticed that the management and equipments of Ocean Park were seriously outdated and beyond repaired. After thinking for long time, he cognize Ocean Park should emphasize its own peculiarityits distinctive location, and should no longer imitate other amusement parks. The breath-taking beautiful seaside of Ocean Park is a fantastic vantage point compared to other parks. Zeman defined the parkas a theme park about animals, ocean, environment, education and conservation, and invited 15 designers from the United States to transform the draw-up excogitation into a cutting-edge aquatic animal-centric theme park. These efforts finally born fruitin2005,when the park made a profit of 95700000HKD.Also as all the change he exerted in the ocean park began to work out, in 2006 a record of 4.38 million visitors came to Ocean Park, giving it ticket sales of $539 million Hong Kong dollar. Emphasizing and taking advantages of differences, not only enable Ocean Park to be one of the most popular theme parks in the world today, but also launched Zeman to great success.Had Allan Zeman not focused on Ocean Parks uniqueness just like Randy, neither Ocean Park nor he would be as successful as today. Nothing will be same in the world. Every individual should emphasize his or her own difference in order to success.

Virtual Child

My Virtual Child Assignment Name ___________________________________________ Section ______ Complete the pursuance questions in the space provided, based on the information that was provided to you at nine months (end of eight month period) and again at 19 months. The Question Your Response lengthiness (text) & pg. Mark 1. How does your babys eating, sleeping and motor development compare to the typical developmental patterns? (2 marks) No substance0 Weak1 Adequate1. 5 Well done2 2.At 8 months of age was your child an easy, slow-to-warm-up, or difficult baby in terms of Thomas and Chesss classic temperamental categories? On what do you base this judgement? (2 marks) No substance0 Weak1 Adequate1. 5 Well done2 3. How is your childs fastening to you and your partner developing? What is happening at the 3-month and 8-month periods that might affect attachment security according to Bowlby and Ainsworth, and various research studies? (2 marks) No substance0 Weak1 Adequate1. 5 Well done2 At 9 Months At 19 Months The Question Your Response Reference (text) pg. Mark 1. Describe and give examples of changes in your childs exploratory or problem solving way from 8 through 18 months and categorize them according to Piagetian and information processing theories. Note that 8 months is included, so youll need to use the time-line to look endure at 8 months for examples. (3 marks) No substance0 Weak1. 5 Adequate2. 5 Well done3 2. Analyze your babys temperament in more detail at 18 months than you did at 8 months. How would you describe your baby in terms of the five aspects of temperament utilized by the Virtual Child program (activity, sociability, emotionality, aggressiveness vs. cooperativeness, and self-control)? Has your babys temperament been stable everyplace the first 18 months? A blurb defining and providing examples of the five aspects of temperament is provided at 12 months, but you should seek out further explanations of temperament from your textbook.Explain how the thought of goodness of fit (also discussed in the blurb on infant temperament) applies to your interactions with your child. (3 marks) No substance0 Weak1. 5 Adequate2. 25 Well done3 Excellent (3) Good (2. 5) Satis. (2) Weak (1) Excellent = 3 Good/Satisfactory = 2 Weak = 1 Excellent (3) Good (2. 5) Satis. (2) Weak (1) Excellent = 3 Good/Satisfactory = 2 Weak = 1 Reference(s) Mark /12 (content) + /3 (writing) Total /15

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian and permissive p atomic number 18nting styluss differ in their own way, but at the give the axe style is all the same. Some parents think that the style of parenting have a big effect on the way a baby bird grows up. Authoritarian parenting style is based on extremely strict disciplinary rules, imposed on the children with minimum amount of freedom in when the parents stress their own choices or opinions. bailable parenting style is accepting and affirmative of the child but makes few demands for responsibility or conduct. Despite the difference of the styles, parents still have the same goals. Parents still humble punish share love, affection, and development and guide their children.All parents have some structure of champaign. Most parents make rules and expect for the child to abide by them. go over is just a set of rule that parents set to help children learn appropriate behaviors and make good choices. To go along with discipline parents also make-up a pun ishment to match every rule that the child disobeys. Parents punish their children to teach them lessons. While permissive parents may talk to or take something apart from the child to punish them, the authoritarian parent may yell or shout at the child and give a harsh punishment. The child testament still learn right from wrong with the punishment.All children want parents to love them, show them affection, and help them develop. Parents seek it as their requirement to make sure that their children are love and cared for at all times. Some may show their love and affection in different ways but it all always there. The indigence for helping the child develop into a productive individual plays an important role in parenting. Affection and love makes the child happy, making the child sense comfortable to be around their parents. Authoritarian parents may not show the child any affection, while permissive parents show affection all the time. Whether the child knows the affection i s there or not it is still there.Finally, all children seek guidance from there parents. Guidance is advice or counseling that lead someone to a particular direction. Not all parents give correct guidance, but the child is guided off their parents actions and behavior. Atuhoritarian parents give their children guidance in a fussy grammatical case of manner, while permissive parents care calm and walk their children through the guidance steps. Most of the time authoritarian parents see that their children seek guidance from othere perople that they feel loved from.Parents all give their children the same type of treatment its all in a different manner. Regardless of the manner of the same goals are reached. Parents still discipline punish share love, affection, and development and guide their children. Some may have harsh or winsome discipline rulles to follow, with either harsh or pleasant punishmnets as consequiences. Permissive and authoritarian parenting styles are similar in m any ways.

Assessment Tools for Visually Impaired

Assessment tools for Visually Impaired Using real objects rather than representative objects or pictures Addressing imp symbolize of youngsters experiences with the environment on performance old(prenominal) vs. unfamiliar objects If you use familiar objects, the child has had metre to explore and develop concepts unfamiliar objects may take the child more time to explore them. If a child only knows his objects, this may indicate lack of experience and under generalization of concepts. Familiar vs. nfamiliar people A child who is dodge may need time to warm up to an unfamiliar person. It is important to read the child and allow him to maintain contact with his parents and to allow him to initiate interactions. Familiar vs. unfamiliar location A child who is ocularly impaired will need time to explore and familiarize himself to an unfamiliar area. He may act more reticent in an unfamiliar area. When assessing functional vision and mobility skills, it is important to assess in b oth a familiar and unfamiliar area if possible.Because a child does not have to rely on fine detail vision as much in a familiar area, you may stool different visual responses in an unfamiliar area which could add to your understanding of the childs vision. Impact of expectations and opportunities child has had Familiar vs. new travail If you are testing a skill that is usually learned visually and the child has never been taught the skill, a test-teach-test model can help determine if child can learn task through manual demonstration. Analyzing the concept being tested and adapting to a child who is visually impaired or blind For example, the concept of object permanence looks at a childs visual attention, memory, persistence and organization of inquiring behaviors. For a totally blind child, this can be assessed by looking at how a child reacts to a dropped object, first allowing the object touch a part of his body and then taking the object further away from his body to asses s searching behaviors.Need to be aware of response behaviors that may be seen in young children who are blind. Passive, neutral facial expressions that may indicate that the child is auditory modality attentively. Resistance to having hands directed to unknown objects use of protective responses of pulling hands away, protective responses to unanticipated events. Visual responses eccentric viewing, head tilt, holding objects close, cloture eyes, etc. Gaze aversion to disengage or if objects are too close. Arousal issues visually impaired may be in low foreplay state due to lack of visual stimulus and low postural tone. Child may use immature patterns or repetitive patterns of object geographic expedition such as repeated dropping for auditory feedback, tapping, mouthing. Child may be auditorily distracted by environmental noises. Need to assess unique curricular areas that are important to children who are visually impaired. Functional vision Sensory development Compensa tory Skills (e. g. exploration and hand skills, Pre-braille listening skills) Orientation Mobility Need to select mind scales and strategies that allow for Freedom of presentation and selection of materials Quality in additional to milestones Incidental and structured presentation Need to understand the implications of Age at which visual loss occurred Level of functional vision Implications of the eye condition Presence of additional handicaps Need to be able to clearly describe the assessment serve and implications to PARENTS.

Dream: Electrical Engineering and Hard Work

Some people may say that dreams are unassailable to follow and its impossible to be able to get them. But, thats actually not true. The fact is that dreams are the most amazing things in life we all love to dream, love to hope and love to see our dreams love true. Our dreams are in our hands. We are the adepts who control them we are the ones who can make them either come true or not. In the article A raft of Stars, Grounded in the Dust of Rural Indian, Somini Sengupta talks about Anupam Kumar, an Indian boy who lives and grows up in a poor family but has a big dream. He wants to meshs at NASA.In the article, the author describes the road to fulfill his dream as well as the difficulties he met such as poverty, difficulty gaining word sense to go to college, the intensity of competition, and his failure on the offset printing exam. However, Anupam never enforces up on his dream and finally achieves his dream with his sustain determination and hard work as well as bear out f rom his parents and his teacher. Like Anupam, I alike take aim my own dreams. My dream is to become a computer engineer because I love technology and I believe that in the future, computers will become indispensable to human life.I will definitely reach my dream because of the support from my mother, my determination and my choler for computers. I will reach my final stage thanks to the support from my mother. When I was a child, I was introverted. I hardly left the star sign and often spent my time in boredom, I did not have a goal and I also did not know what kind of person I would be in the future. Despite all of this, my mother is a person who changed me and patroned me determine a goal of my life. My mother is the first person who established my passion for computers.Whenever we went to my uncles house, I always asked him to teach me how to use his computer. At the time, I did not realize that I loved to study computers so much. I thought it was just because of my curio sity, but my mother did not. She saw through my heart and she k untried what I needed. Living in Vietnam, computers were outrageously expensive, but my mother worked very hard in other to yield me a chance to a new world of technology. Since I have my own computer which I got as a result of a lot of sweat and hard work by of my mother, I feel like a fish returned to the ocean. I became a new person.I studied hard and got good grades and my life became much interesting because I have more friends not only in Vietnam but also all over the world. I think that my life wouldnt turn a new page if I did not receive my mothers support. Therefore, I always try my best to reach my dream and deserve my mothers faith. Determination is one of my qualities which will help me reach my goal and one of the aspects of determination is hard work. I still remember the hard time I had when I tried to use a computer the first time. It was written in English and at that time, English was one of the cour ses I hated the most in school.But I liked computers more than anything else, so that I decided to study seriously. Every day, I tried to remember and take in ten computers vocabulary words. I tried to read book in English one page or two pages a day. That really was a hard time for me. It took me hours to complete two pages with help from a dictionary and I followed it day by day. After three months, I could read more than five pages in an hour because I knew more vocabulary than before. My computer skill also got better and I really enjoyed it. Another aspect of determination is persistence.Persistent people will not give up the things they follow or they believe in even if in front of them are a lot of difficulties. I am one a persistent person. For example, when I was in college, I had a difficult time with a programming course it was too new for me. I could not understand at all and for that result I got only three points (out of 10) on the first exam. I wasnt the only one wh o did badly almost 70 percent of the students had the same grade like me. For that reason, almost half of the students gave up on that course after two months.But I did not give up so easily. I tried to understand and remember lessons in class. After school, I read a book, practiced at home on the material which our teacher showed us, and read the next lesson for the next day so that when I had a question, I could ask my teacher immediately. I believe that I can do better if I follow the things I believe in. Finally, I passed that course with 8. 5/10 on the final exam, whereas others students had to study again for the next semester. I think that hard work and persistence will still help me in the road to fulfill my dream.Passion for computers is also one of my qualities which will help me reach my goal. Since I knew how interesting computers are. I was excited by this forge. I had so many questions about this machine. I wondered how one machine could do so many things. However, computers were very expensive in the past it was only for rich people and my family could afford it. My dream looked like impossible at that time, but the passion for computers in me did not let me stop thinking about it and it helped me believe in the future that I will have my own computer.The hope of having my own computer followed me in two years and finally my mother helped me make it come true. Since I have gotten my own computer, I have begun studying seriously I knew what my dream is and what I need to do to make it come true. I borrowed books from my uncle and read it when I have free time. When I had a problem with my computer, I tried to fix it, but it was useless. My mother had to hire a computer engineer to fix it, and at that time meliorate computer was very expensive. Therefore, I learned how to fix the computer by watching the engineer so that I will be able to do this myself in the future.Now, I am learning computers in the U. S. where the first computer was born. I believe that if we really love something we can achieve it by passion and hope. After read the article about Anupam Kumar and the road to fulfill his dream, I have more confident, hope, and power to make my dream come true. I am deeply gratitude my mother who did everything for me so that I have more opportunity to accomplish my dream. My experience with computers has taught me to be patient and persistent and never to give up. This is a lesson I can apply throughout my life not just for computers.

Ethics in Contracts Essay

AbstractWhen creating a fix, a negotiator is not only doing so to reach an harmony between both or more parties, but to throw an accordance that is durable w hereby parties of the center ar de jure retract and committed to its promises . A leg altogethery binding capture is defined as an exchange of promises or an agreement between parties that the law get out enforce, and there is an underlying presumption for commercial agreements that parties intend to be court-orderedly bound 1. When a bless does not expressly address a happening that pass alongs, the deterrent voiceity of outrage is assumed here to depend on what the lease would beget said had it addressed the contingency. Morality in contracts becomes crucial to parties entering into a contract. This is where the role of ethics comes in.IntroductionThe etymology of barter relates to the state of creation nimble either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The most common form of business all around the world is corporation. There atomic number 18 more than 2 partners who either wholly or has limited liability over the business. In such(prenominal) a scenario the need to bind by certain terms arose both within the organization by the s conduceholders and outside the organization with the suppliers and wholesalers. This dire need gave cash advance to contracts. The lasters of the organization cooperate with a set of written rules bounded by every other stakeholder.HOW CONTRACT?It all started as an inclination of shaking hands, the idea it expresses has had greater impact on Business ethics. Just a simple handshake denotes the idea of agreement in economic contexts. A contract is an agreement entered voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between or among them. The elements of a contract are offer and acceptance by competent persons having legal capacity who exchanges consid eration to create mutuality of obligation, and, in some circumstances, do so in writing. A contract is always enforceable by law and has the following essentials.21.Intentions to create a contract2.Offer and acceptance3.Consideration4.Capacity to enter into contract5.Free consent of the parties6.Lawful determination of considerationBeing good in contracts is behaving in accordance with social conventions, religious beliefs and law where the humans are basically evolved in a moral sense and possess the ability to engage in moral behaviour. The law here is aforesaid liability in contracts where the generic importance is of getting a fair share in corporation profits. That is why it becomes extremely authorized to maintain ethics in contracts. The lawful object of consideration is considered very important in the contract and ethics related to contract.This is because in case of contract cave in goodly or non-ethically reimbursing the value of lawful object of consideration is he reby treated as lawful. It is therefore imperative that contracts are created to be as durable as possible so parties are unable to find legal loopholes and use their queen, wealth, ignorance or cultural differences in setting contracts aside. Apart from that the ethical behaviour of the parties involved in contract adds an extra layer to the contract thereby keeping the best interest of people involved in contract. The following factors stick outm to affect the ethics involved in contracts.Cultural FlexibilityJapanese culture for instance, the creation of a contract symbolises formation of a working relationship, and not a legally binding agreement. Some groups will regard the contract as being flexible in terms that if any problems or emerges arise, the parties will reassess the obligations of the agreement and negotiate ways to preserve the relationship. Being Ethical and professional at the same meter is viewed with high regard by the Japanese. However, this is not generall y the Hesperian view on contracts. In relation to the ethical issue of cultural relativism, a business is obliged to operate in a manner acceptable to the host country, both legally and morally.The example cited here dealing with Shell portrays the fact of having contract as per the ethical behaviour of the host country. In those cases, there arises a question, is it morally wrong for a Western fellowship to hold a Japanese party to the contract when it is known that the Japanese party would not get to intended to be legally bound? Or is it wrong or immoral of the Japanese to sign such an agreement, even though they mean well when signing it, knowing the Western party intended to be legally bound by the contract but themselves see the contract as more of a flexible agreement?1.Shell oil color brent goose Spar incidentPopularly known as the Nigeria/Spar episode which taught the company to be ethical in its host country. In its executing to maximize profits Shell provide rou ndtables of 14 countries which brought together 159 shell executives and 145 external participants including opinion leaders and journalists. In this meet Shell articulated a contract which ensured its commitment to health, safety and environment. It set the same as the goals of the company. The step to the goal was divinatoryly implemented immediately by setting up safety team to manage HSE and Shell publicly announced its commitment towards human right and health safety4. Shells initiatives in the wake of Nigeria and Brent Spar signalled a fuller recognition of subtlety of ethics. With the completion of a pipeline connection to the oil terminal at Sullom Voe in Shetland, the storage celerity had continued in use but was considered to be of no further value as of 1991.Brent Spar became an issue of public concern in 1995, when the British government announced its support for Shells application for disposal in deep Atlantic waters at North Feni ridge (approximately 250 km from the west coast of Scotland, at a depth of around 2.5 km)3. This put issues of societal lookout in sharp relief. These incidents forced shell to espy that people around the world come to place a heightened value on conservation of natural resources. Nigeria on the other hand had distinctively non European ethical previsions for companies. The evolving ethical attitudes of emerging economies, do Shell recognize that unless it changes global and regional changes in attitudes it chamberpotnot draw a line between ethical and wrong behaviour.Nigeria and Brent Spar forces shell to realize the importance of social contracts that framed business activities. Shell later on monitored the changing communal understandings as they vie a growing role in companys actions. Shell started to factor social contracts into ethical decision making process. Ethical games in business are played with different rules in different countries. In companies multinationals and corporations racial gender and wo rld, questions of clash and compatibility between family and work are now assumed to be proper province of corporate management. Shell with its troubles it faced in early 90s due to Brent spar incident stands as a perfect example to approaching ethical issues in business.The differences in cultural expectations can predictably lead to the more economically powerful party attempting to negotiate that all breaches will be dealt with ultimately by courts from their own culture, applying their own cultural and legal rules. This then highlights the issue of different legal rules existing in different countries which enable contracts to be set aside. The list of exceptions to finality of contracts varies from one jurisdiction to another, and this is often placed under the label frustration of contracts. Some jurisdictions, notably Australia, Israel and India, imply a term of good faith into contracts. A final way in which terms may be implied due to fact is through a front course of de aling or common. The Uniform Commercial Code of the United States also imposes an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in act and enforcement of contracts covered by the Code, which cannot be derogated from. 5Lack of Informed ConsentSome acts cannot legally take place because of a lack of informed consent. Another person is generally authorised to give consent if an individual is unable to. These cases sometimes result in a party refusing to comply with the terms of the contract. This ordinarily is work by many unethical behaviour. 2.This was the case in Gerbert and Gerbert (1990) FLC 92-137 1, where a husband settled for 10% of assets a compassst his probable entitlement to 40%, and it was held that there was no miscarriage of arbitrator as the husband acted feely and was advised to seek legal advice. In cases where an individual is provided limited facts, serious ethical issues may arise. It is unethical to hold someone to a contract when they clearly had no awarene ss of exactly what they were signing and committing themselves to, due to ignorance. It is unethical for a lawyer to encourage the signing of a document if they are clearly not fully understanding of the document.WealthIf the chance of success and money is opportune to a wealthy person, their capacity and willingness can give rise to alleging various legal justifications for breach. A few years of legal expenses may only be a small proportion of their empire, and the resulting attrition and disparate investment funds in the conflict may eventually encourage other parties to renegotiate the disputed In terms of moral relativism, most people would agree that it is ethically wrong to use wealth to control a situation and to force people into renegotiating clauses in contracts if they are unable to afford the legal bill consequent a dispute. In situations such as these, the little man usually omits out and will ultimately succumb to the power of the other party or parties. 3.Gujarat H ousing Board vs Vipul Corporation on 21 June, 2004 6 Housing Board was awarded a contract to Vipul Corporation for Water Proofing work of 360 Middle Income Group Houses at Valsad on 22.11.1994, being highest bidder, on accepting the tender.It appears that at the last moment, when work was almost to be started, the work was obstructed. Housing Board was sincerely trying to create an atmosphere which may enable the contractor to perform the contract. It appears that the Housing Board also took the defence of frustration of the contract as per sec. 56 of the Contracts Act. Vipul Corporation con proveed the case but it hardly did anything to their business that they were able to pay the indemnification amount in the contract and started bidding for other contracts as if nothing had happened with their wealth. This was because of the life-sized amount of accumulated wealth.Undue InfluenceUndue influence is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position o f power over another. The law presumes that in certain classes of relationship there will be a special risk of one party unduly influencing their share and motives for contracting. The general rule is whether there was a relationship of such trust and confidence that it should give rise to such a presumption 4.An example of such a case is Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School District CA Ct of App 54 Ca Rpt 533 1964. The plaintiff was under contract as a teacher. He was arrested, and the next day he allegedly was pressured by his superiors to sign and deliver his resignation.He was cleared of the criminal charges, and then he sought to be reinstated by the check district. They refused, so he sued to rescind his resignation. He claimed that his resignation should not be enforced because, among other things, he subscribe it under the undue influence of his superiors. When a party has placed their confidence and trust in another and this relationship is broken, the view of moral relativism will generally see this situation as being wrong. Here we see that the implications of ethical motive in contracts being ignored.Ensuring Ethics of ContractsA longstanding relationship a contract with them raise incentives to perform Avoiding making contracts with cultural groups that view contracts as the beginning of a relationship, rather than a legally binding agreement 1 Clarifying whether yes means maybe or no and whether signed and detailed contracts are considered to be binding, morally, legally and/or in reputation, How any future misunderstandings and problems will be addressed to be discussed at the time of the contract Only going into contract with parties that are stable and reliable Attempting to reduce emptors remorse byMaking congratulatory speeches more or less the agreements benefitsNever agreeing quickly to any clausesAdding post-agreement gifts and bonusesPublicize the deal by mutual agreement. A wider audience will then place expectations on all parties to pe rform, or risk losing face and credibility in future arrangements. Most people have a strong desire to act systematically with their own clear commitmentSigning a contractWe focus so much on deal substance and style that we often lose sight of the problems that can arise at the most critical time of allwhen pen is hitting paper. If a lawyer mishandles contract execution, it can lead to a malpractice claim, professional discipline and a very angry client (or, more likely, former client) A DEAL ISNT DONE UNTIL YOU SEE A FULLY SIGNED AGREEMENT (or, better yet, cash in the bank)5.As a great example of this, see International Telemeter v. Teleprompter, 592 F.2d 49 (2d Cir. 1979). Kirschs client told Kirsch that it had signed a settlement agreement, but Kirsch didnt get the signed copy into his possession. Kirsch then relayed the alleged good news to the other side. However, Kirschs client had a management change before delivering the signed copy, and the new management balked at the set tlement. This left Kirsch in the middlehe had told the other side that the agreement was make (and had authority to do so), but his client had reversed course and was saying the deal was never signed. Not only did Kirschs eagerness cost Kirsch a client (he resigned), but he has very few defences if his former client sues him for malpractice based on being committed to a deal they didnt want.This issue also comes up with press releasesno public announcements of a completed deal until you see the fully signed contract. 6.ONGC vs Streamline Shipping Co. Pvt. Ltd. on 22 March, 2002 7 On 19-2-1999 the appellant floated a tender for manning, running, operating, repairing and maintenance on hire of three vessels under Group IX i.e. Samudrika 2, Samudrika 7 and Sindhu 9. The responder was one of the tenderers. On 30-12-1999 a contract was signed between the appellant and respondent for vessel Samudrika 2 for the primary term of 2 and half years from 9-12-1999. Clause 1.10.1 of the agreeme nt provided. In the case above a contract was floated between ONGC and Streamline shipping co. for maintenance of three vessels.The vessels were damaged pretty badly in an geographic expedition expedition and ONGC sought their help as per contract. But the streamline shipping company due to the high cost that may be incurred, viewing their personalized interests acted unethically in contract and avoided to repair. In the 1990s, this issue reached a zenith as lawyers scrambled to obtain equity in clients, either as part of project the representation or as directed shares when clients were lining up for an IPO. Seeking big payoffs, some lawyers took pretty aggressive interpretations of the rules to engage in these transactions, but it would be a mistake to relegate this behaviour to the dot-com boom. Instead, doing business with clients occurs in all aspects of the legal profession, and it poses significant risks in every format.Parties concern of breach inactive another causality why it may be rational for parties not to take pains to include many contingent provisions in a contract concern the general possibility of renegotiation of their contract. The reason why we would expect only limited use of contingent provisions is that our legal regime, under which parties usually are able to commit breach and pay damages, serves as an implicit substitute for contingent provisions. Under this regime, a party will be cause to perform if the cost of so doing is not high, in order to avoid paying damages whereas he will be led to commit breach if the cost of performing is high, because paying damages will be less expensive than performing. This behaviour performing when the cost is below a threshold and not performing when the cost would exceed a threshold is in at least qualitative alignment is considered unethical. Still another reason why it may be rational for parties not to take pains to include many contingent provisions in a contract concerns the general po ssibility of renegotiation of their contract.The parties can anticipate that if they do not provide for a troublesome contingency and it occurs, they will often be able to renegotiate and resolve their problem. If, for instance, the seller finds that it would be unexpectedly costly to perform when the contract requires that, he might be able to obtain a release from his obligation by paying the buyer some bargained-for sum. Of course, the outcome of such renegotiation may be uncertain and it may introduce an added risk into a contract. The question of the morality of breach is when contracts are incomplete. To fancy whether a breach in a contingency that was not explicitly provided for is moral or immoral under our definition, one needs to determine whether performance would or would not have been undeniable had the contingency been expressly addressed, and whether the parties to the incomplete contract know this.The morality of breach of incomplete contracts occurs when damages e qual the expectation measure. When sellers have to pay damages for breach, they will be motivated to obey the contract if the cost of performance is less than the damages they would have to pay for a breach. If, though, the cost of performance exceeds the damages they would owe for a breach, they will have a financial reason to commit breach. Hence, they will tend to commit breach if and only if the cost of performance exceeds the measure of damages. Ethics comes in this aspect when the sellers has the cost of performance exceeds the damages they have to pay. The ethical aspect is whether to perform the contract or not. Since the penalty is very less compared to the cost of performing the work, the contractor tends to do violate the contract and pay the penalty.This should be avoided by corporations to create a good reputation within its peers. In order to avoid this circumstance, the contracting parties now-a-days agree to have the wages amount to be greater than the cost of doing the developed work. The case regarding the state of Kerala precisely portrays this part of the ethics in contracts. 7.State Of Kerala vs United Shippers And Dredgers Ltd. on 15 July, 1982 The Government of Kerala through Superintending Engineer, Irrigation Central Circle, Trichur, entered into a contract with the respondent on 19-9-1975 to do the work of improvements to Champakkara Canal-Dredging works and allied works. The work was agreed to be completed on or before 15-7-1976. The agreement also required the contractor to maintain fortify in work as prescribed in the schedule in Clause 3 of the agreement.There was also a provision in the contract to enable penalty to be levied in case of failure on the part of the contractor to maintain stipulated progress. The contractor did not maintain stipulated progress and extensions of time were granted on contractors requests as per supplemental agreements. Or account of the delay in maintaining agreed progress in the work penalties wer e levied against the contractor at the rates prescribed. After the completion of the work end the drawing of the final bill, disputes arose between the contracting parties and as provided in the agreement. From withheld amount a sum of Rupees 7,35,000/- (Rupees seven lakhs and thirty five thousand only) shall be refunded to claimant by the respondents.. The United shippers Ltd. performed the breach on account of the cost of compensation being higher than the cost of performing contract.The ethical aspect of this made contracts thereafter to rewrite them in lieu of having the cost of compensation and the cost of upset profit to be included in the terms of contract. Had the parties been ethical, it wouldnt have required the contracts to reinvent their terms for this sake. For example, if the measure of damages is $125 instead of the expectation of $200, breach will occur whenever the cost of performance exceeds $125. Consequently, if breach occurs when the cost is between $125 and $2 00, for instance when it is $150, the complete contract would have insisted on performance. such(prenominal) breach would be immoral and unethical, if the seller realizes that the genuine expectation is $200.Given the conclusions reached in the prior section, what can be said about whether the breach that we see in practice is moral or immoral? If damages tend to be fully compensatory, we could say that breach tends to be moral, as breach should occur if and only if contracting parties would have allowed non performance had they addressed in their contracts the contingencies that engendered breach. But if damages are not really compensatory, breach might be immoral.Situations depiction Ethics change tend not to reflect the often considerable delays that victims of breach suffer. The legal costs are not compensated. In view of the foregoing, the matter-of-fact reality seems to be that breach could be immoral or moral, that we have to inspect the reasons for breach and the knowledg e of the party committing breach to know which the case is. To gain an understanding of these issues, a small-scale survey was conducted 8. The number of respondents were 41. The survey consisted of four questions, each of which asked about the morality of breach and could be answered as follows (1) definitely unethical (2) somewhat unethical (3) neither ethical nor unethical (4) somewhat ethical (5) definitely ethical. Assigning a ground level of 1 to definitely unethical, a score of 2 to somewhat unethical, and so forth. Hence, the lower score, the less ethical a respondent felt breach would be. The first question was designed to ascertain whether respondents look at that breach in general is unethical. It was as follows 8. 8 guess that a flotation device has made a contract with a plait company to do a Home decor.The Renovator then discovers that the job would cost him a lot more than he had anticipated because the price of decor equipment has risen sharply so the Renovator would lose money on the job. Is it unethical for the Renovater to break his contract with the company? Note that the question does not mention whether damages would be paid. The average out answer score was 2.41, meaning about midway between somewhat unethical and neither ethical nor unethical. Also, 38 of the 41 respondents found breach unethical or ethically neutral only 3 of respondents answered that the breach would be somewhat ethical (none as definitely ethical). 9.8Suppose that a Renovator has made a contract with a construction company and finds that his costs have risen sharply due to an maturation in the price of decoration equipment. Suppose too that the Renovator and the company did not discuss this unlikely possibility when they made their contract.However, the Renovator knows what they would have agreed to if they had discussed this possible large cost add in advance They would have agreed that the contract would be cancelled if there was a large cost increase the Renovator would be excuse from the contract. Under these assumptions, is it unethical for the Renovator to break his contract?The average answer score was 3.0, meaning ethically neutral. Also, 17 of the respondents found breach more ethical in this question than they had in the first question none of the respondents found breach less ethical than in the first question. 10.8 Suppose that a kitchen Renovator has made a contract with a construction company and finds that his costs have risen sharply due to an increase in the price of decoration equipment. Suppose too that the Renovator and the comapany did not discuss this unlikely possibility when they made their contract.However, the Renovator knows what they would have agreed to if they had discussed this possible large cost increase in advance They would have agreed that the contract would remain in force despite a large price increase the Renovator would unchanging have to do the job. The average answer score for this question was 1.56, which is to say, midway between definitely unethical and somewhat ethical. All but three of the respondents found breach to be somewhat or definitely unethical, and the other three considered it ethically neutral. Further, 31 of the respondents found breach to be less ethical than in the prior question where the hypothesis was that performance would not have been agreed to. 11.8Suppose that a kitchen Renovator has made a contract with a construction comapny and finds that his costs have risen sharply due to an increase in the price of decoration equipment.If the kitchen Renovator breaks his contract with the company, suppose that (as contract law says is required) he compensates the construction company for his losses for delay, inconvenience, having to hire another renovator, and so forth. Is it unethical for the Renovator to breach his contract?The average answer score for this question was 3.56, which is about midway between ethically neutral and somewhat ethical. In s ummary, the individuals participating in the survey found the simple, unqualified fact of breach to be unethical on average (2.41 was the average for question 1). In other words, the felt reaction to the fact of breach is that it is an unethical act. However, when individuals were prompted by being told what contracting parties would have agreed to had they discussed the particular contingency that arose, individuals tended to change their evaluation of the morality of breach, finding it better or worse in the expected way.When informed that if the problematic contingency had been discussed, the contracting parties would have said no duty to perform, individuals found breach ethically neutral (3.0 was the average for question 2). When apprised that if the problematic contingency had been discussed, the contracting parties would have said there was still a duty to perform, individuals found breach to be quite unethical (1.56 was the average score for question 3). And when told that b reach would be accompanied by full damages payments, individuals again changed their opinion of breach, finding it to be somewhat ethical (3.56 was the average score for question 4). An important prescriptive aspect of many commentators writing on breach is their moral advice. Their writing often suggests that individuals and corporations ought to feel a general ethical duty to obey contracts, that is, a desire to obey contracts above and beyond that due only to having to pay damages for breach.If we could shape individuals moral feelings, we would want corporations to put a thumb on the scale in favour of contract performance. According to a perfectly calibrated and flexible moral system, the moral sentiments would come into play if and only if they are needed to correct the too-great incentive of a bad man to commit breach, when the personal benefit from breach would exceed damages but not the true value of the expectancy. This ideal moral system is consistent with the spirit of t raditional advice, and is inconsistent with the spirit of efficient breach theory, in that morality has a effective role to play. The actual moral system, however, is not as flexible as the ideal one. The moral impulses probably cannot be freely tailored to turn on for this kind of contract breach and to turn off or that one.The implications for moral advice about breach become complicated, for when giving moral advice, we have to consider the score to which the advice will be understood as special to the circumstances of the breach, or as having a more general effect, and thus entailing the implicit disadvantages just mentioned. A striking instance of such thinking is that underlying the approach of the German Civil Code to contract performance, according to which the general remedy for breach is supposed to be specific performance.Had it been that contracts are to an important extent incomplete promises and thus on reflection that the morality of promise-keeping does not imply t hat performance should always occur. Damages are inadequate because it is time-consuming and expensive for the legal system to resolve what would often be contentious proceedings about subjective elements of loss from breach. It may be that our legal system works better avoiding the costs of ascertaining these problematic elements of loss, relying on moral forces, such as they are, to fill the gap in motivator appropriate performance.ConclusionThe implications article for the general normative thrust of the writing of traditional commentators concerned with the morality of breach and also of the efficient breach theorists. assumptive that the social objective is to promote an corporate measure of social welfare, one based on individuals utilities. In particular, our moral feelings which have been portrayed as Ethics throughout will have a direct effect on social welfare because they are themselves components of corporate utilities and they will also exert an substantiative influe nce on social welfare because they provide incentives toward socially desirable behaviour. In any event, the belief that there is a clear and overarching moral reason to alter contract law to enhance the keeping of contracts appears to me to be the product of an over simple view of the moral sentiments and of a related failure to take into account the importance of the incompleteness of contracts.List of references1.http//www.bond.edu.au/law2.Course material on Indian Legal System-IIMC3.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Spar4.Ties that Bind- Donaldson and Thomas5.http//contracts.uslegal.com/elements-of-a-contract/6.http//www.indiankanoon.org/docfragment/927021/?formInput=gujarat%20housing%20board%20vs%20vipul%20corporation 7.http//www.indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1617242/?formInput=ongc%20vs%20streamline%20shipping 8.A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics By Thomas

Psychological Factors of Women with Infertility Problems Essay

Giving birth to a unseasoned born is considered very priceless by their proud mothers. The agony of not having a baby out-of-pocket to several(prenominal) constraints and hindrances proved to be very critical to a womens health, emotionally and physically. Psychological make of infertility include anxiety depression, guilt, isolation, and family tension. These can be considered arouses or as a burden of infertility and often time can affect interventions or handling to make pregnancy possible.The task of infertility is considered one of the hindrances that can affect womens health and their social interactions comes a tenacious with it. In the unite States, almost 10% of individuals in the reproductive age argon affected by infertility and close to 50 % of which comprised of touch seeking for possible sermon to make pregnancy possible. Aside from the mental aspects, several factors which ar associated with infertility in women include advancing age, endocrine dysfunctio n, increasing body mass index, and mo and long menstrual cycle.Women suffering from infertility problems yield mental stress indicators such as long existence of negative emotions during the period of trying to conceive, changes on their partners relationship, depressed moods, problems with concentration or memory, low egotism- esteem, and anxiety. Reported studies withal indicate women with infertility problems were more susceptible to cause depression, occurring on its first off diagnosis. Emotional well being is likewise affected if the in-vitro fertilization procedures were unsuccessful (Burns and Grambsch, 2002).Also, women with unknown organic cause of infertility would likely to develop a deeper depressive emotions, anxiety, and suppression of anger compared to women with known cause of infertility. However, the measure of the physiologic aspects has not been associated with the treat of in-vitro fertilization and infertility. Most of the time, women having infertili ty problems are willing to neglect or fetch a certain degree of tolerance to related risk factors just to conceive pregnancy and are mostly founder less adverse on the risk as compared to their husband or partner.The assert of the husband or the partner plays a vital role in such a expression that the believe of both for parenthood must have a common perspective. In this way, marital appointment will take its part to ensure a healthy relationship. If the partner has a greater desire than the fair sex, this can bring emotional stress too such as depression. Other than the husband or the partner, the inn too plays an important part on the woman with infertility problems. The perception of having less reliever other than the partner can have avoidance as a social or a defense mechanism.If the attempts for institutions are not successful, the absence of moral or any assist coming from the society can also cause depressive emotions and symptoms. Though infertility can cause distinct mental personal performances on women, several preachings are being practiced and applied to aid creationion possible. In general, there are two orders of treating infertility the mental treatment by dint of rede to achieve conception, and the in-vitro fertilization treatment process.Both of which, some way or another(prenominal), have adverse psychological effects on the genial assert of a woman. The psychological treatment by means of counseling is one method on the treatment of infertility. This treatment of counseling can be conducted either during the process of natural conception, and/or during the process of the in-vitro fertilization. Furthermore, support from counseling has been significant to improve depression and anxiety to couples having fertility treatment.Usually the treatment comprised of a ten-session treatment implying behavioral (cognitive) therapy. On related studies, 42% conceived pregnancies later on completing the treatment for 6 months a nd these women have a relatively luxuriouslyer distress pretreatment compared to women who did not undergo counseling. The process of counseling usually takes place after the application of the in-vitro fertilization rather than before the conception or the pregnancy test.The purpose of which is to help women to have a lesser degree of depression and anxiety. Women who conceived pregnancy after the process of in-vitro fertilization tend to have an improved self-esteem and a lesser degree of depression. Therefore, the psychological process of intervention through counseling will be more successful if applied to women with infertility problems during repeated or unsuccessful in-vitro treatment, absence of a partner and social support, and with a state of greater depression.Medical intervention is another method and is commonly applied if the psychological fertility treatment or counseling has failed though the exposure to medical specialty of a possible fetus if there is a conceptio n should be avoided. The in-vitro fertilization treatment process is another method to achieve conception. This includes the introduction of certain medications to enhance the reproductive state of a woman to achieve conception. This process goes along with the counseling treatment during the period of conception to ensure a high probability of giving birth.But the chemicals involved in the process also have a psychological association to the mental state of the woman. The manipulations of hormone to assist reproduction can have an effect on their psychological state, for instance the clomiphene citrate has been known to be associated with psychosomatic symptoms the gonadotropin hormone is also associated with increased state of anxiety and depression (Eyal, Toren, Dor, Mester, and Rehavi , 1996). Aside from the side effects caused by the chemicals, the process also have an effect to those women who conceived after the treatment.Some women showed intense muscle tension, and others h ave emotions of low self-esteem, self-efficacy, and a greater negative behavior as reaction to pregnancy-related stress compared to those women who conceived naturally. More over, women after giving birth through the process of in-vitro treatment have observed their infant as more temperamentally hard. This can be attributed also to the psychological effects to women who conceived because of the treatment.Thus, even if the treatment is successful, support through counseling during the period of conception should be conducted so that the babies as well as the mothers may benefit through having a state of mental wellness. Common outcome in the in-vitro fertilization treatment process is having multiple births, occurring almost 35% on most cases. Reduction of embryo for multiple states of pregnancies has been proven emotionally disturbing and chaotic. Twin births which are assisted have a significant difference compared to spontaneous twin births with regards to low weight after birth, high premature state, and early gestational stage.At some instances, assisted birth twins have likely to develop a greater degree of depression and respiratory diseases at birth. The psychological effect of which to mothers depends on how they cope with the situation but generally they become more aware of the babies health and needs, agnatic or parental stress and depression, and unmet needs of the family. The psychological factors proved to be very critical with regards to the concept of infertility to women. These factors can affect both the mental and physical state of a woman.Factors include anxiety, depression, guilt, isolation, and relationship tension. These can be considered as a result of infertility or its related causes and most of the times have a significant effect on the treatment or interventions being conducted. Interventions and treatments include the psychological treatment through counseling and by in-vitro fertilization. The treatment through counseling is bei ng conducted during the pre conception and also after the in-vitro fertilization to primarily help the woman and also the baby inside to have a lesser degree of depression-related emotions and anxieties.The in-vitro fertilization process includes the introduction of chemicals to enhance the reproductive state of a woman, though there are several adverse side effects on the womans psychological state such as obtaining psychosomatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression, intense tension on the muscles, lower self esteem, and self efficacy. Eventually the process of realizing infertility and the consequent treatments and interventions proved to be stressful. The technology on the reproductive area can some way or another make the conception of pregnancy possible, but the psychological effects or factors associated proved to be very critical.The early or prompt action through psychological intervention can be very significant in the realization of a couple to have a baby. Furthermore, the support coming from a partner, a husband, and from the society can also help lessen the degree of emotional stress being experienced by the woman having infertility problems. Thus, the psychological factors can influence a womans reproductive state or in another point of view can be a cause and effect of infertility.

Cause-Effect

A peer of weeks ago, my grandmother passed away. I was at my lowest point in my life. I was extremely tragicomical and depressed. However, I knew I could always rely on Salsa. I would call her In the middle of the night and she was in that respect to pick up my phone calls. When I needed someone to express my emotions to, she was in that respect. She always encouraged me to see to it on the bright side of things. She always ensured me that better days were going to come because destruction is a part of life that we simply have to deal with. She helped me cope and deal with the loss of my grandmother.We loud do activities such as working out and cooking together to keep my mind off the death of my grandmother. Salsa comforted me by having a shoulder to cry on when I didnt have anyone else. She was the only somebody that could understand my feelings and what I was going through. Salsa also back up me emotionally. There were generation when I had difficulties in enlighten and I felt like giving up. However, she encouraged me keep pushing harder to sue my goals. She helped me understand that thither are going to be struggles that we face In this world but we cannot give up and dispose from our problems.She supported me by Glenn me great advice and pushing me to do my best with my academics. Her words of encouragement boosted my self-esteem to accomplish my goals. I am extremely grateful to have someone like Salsa in my life. She has always been in that respect for me when others did not understand. She is honestly one of the sweetest people I have met in my life. Salsa helps me stay grounded and humble. She supports me emotionally by always being there for me in times of difficulty, making me laugh when I am sad and encouraging me to try my best with everything.Her physically and emotional support has helped me get through the most hardest times In life. I hold up I can always count on her to cheer me up. By Handmaiden Cheddar Suffix Abdul Caked Two ye ars ago, I met a beautiful young female child name Salsa. I met her at a family Salsa. I would call her in the middle of the night and she was there to pick up my that we face in this world but we cannot give up and run from our problems. She supported me by giving me great advice and pushing me to do my best with my times in life. I know I can always count on her to cheer me up.

Du Pont Case

The lally School of counseling & Technology Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Rev. June 28, 2006 DuPonts Biomax The Push for Commercial Applications Biomax, a polyester corporeal that can be recycled or decomposed, holds up under usual commercial conditions for a fourth dimension power point established in the product specifications.The material itself can be make into fibers, pick outs, or resins and is suitable for countless bucolic, industrial, and consumer products mulch containers, mulching film, seed mats, plant pots, disposable eating utensils, lather packs, yard run through stands, parts of disposable diapers, blown bottles, injection molded products, coated paper products, and many another(prenominal)(prenominal), many others. In the United State al matchless, where the average ho holdhold creates over three tons of disposable desert each year, the number of potential actions for Biomax is immense.Its development re prefaces a potentially huge business for DuPont and an in-chief(postnominal) issue to the mounting line of work of solid waste in developed countries. In 1989 at the inception of the estimate, DuPont executives were wardrobe re calculate units to find new products with commercial applications. One of these research units had-developed a new melt-spun elastomeric material and was seeking commercial applications through the triumph classify, its business development unit. The initial target application was as a substitute for the tapes then used on disposable baby diapers, which at that time used to a greater extent expensive DuPont Lycra for that purpose.Rather than lose that business, however, the division dropped the price of Lycra. The project had reached its first dead end. A senior research associate of the Success Group, Ray Tietz, had noted the degradable characteristics of this new material. One of the problems they had with the fibers we made with this material was that it would disintegrate if you stewed it in water. This was because of the sulphonate in it. I knew that if I made a polyester with this stuff in it, it would probably hydrolyse quickly. Iit might even be biodegradable. toilet Moore, the head of the Success Group, was a high energy promoter, as one colleague described him. He was unflinching to find a customer for whom degradability would be an important benefit-hopefully, a big one. A logical target was Procter & assay, a major vendor of disposable diapers. Procter & Gamble first introduced the disposable diaper in 1961 and by 1989 had built it into a huge business. Its success, however, coincided with a period of suppuration environmental This case was prepared by Mark Rice, Gina OConnor, Richard Leifer, Christopher McDermott, Lois Peters, and Robert Veryzer, Jr. f the Lally School of Management and Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY as a basis for come apart discussion, and is not de write to present illustrations of either correct or incorrect treatment of management problems. All rights reserved 2000. To order copies or request permission to re have materials, call 1-518-276-6842 or write Dr. Gina Colarelli OConnor, Lally School of Management & Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a recovery system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the permission of the Lally School of Management & Technology. 1 DuPonts Biomax awareness, and it didnt necessitate long before the millions of used diapers sold by P and it imitators were attracting the attention of activists and regulators. By the 1980s, a growing number of voices were talking about either banning or significantly restricting the use of this class of products.Sensing the public mood and nervous about possible regulations, P was more than willing to listen to Moores fling a bout the new de- gradable material. It even revealed its interest in the development of an entirely new material, one that was both degradable, and that didnt have the crinkly feel of plastic or the rustling sound of paper. The diaper that Ps quite a little envisioned would be a laminate with a cloth-like feel on the inside and a waterproof film on the outside, and they encouraged DuPont to work on a prototype. Sensing a huge potential market, Moores tribe were quick to oblige P. We spent a lot of research effort trying to make a degradable polymer that would be tough enough for the craft, Teitz later recalled. Months of effort produced a new laminated material that Teitz and others in the Success group thought would meet P&Gs needs. Time and events, however, combined to work against them. Sensing that political shove for restrictive regulation was on the wane, and that cost-conscious customers would not pay a premium for biodegradable materials, Procter & Gamble quit interest in the material under development by Moores development unit.From Degradable to Biodegradable The Success Group was now at a dead end. Furthermore, the standards for environmental acceptability were changing, becoming more stringent. Being degradable (i. e. , a substance that would disintegrate) had become passe the new standard was biodegradability. Further, anything that passed itself finish up as biodegradable had to disappear in a reasonably short period of time. As of 1991, ii years into the project, no one knew for certain(predicate) whether DuPonts new material would qualify as biodegradable.Given these new conditions, senior management was concerned about John Moores ability to command the respect of the technical community and decided to assign a new project manager, Ron Rollins. Credibility on the issue of biodegradability would be necessary for market acceptance. Obviously, no one would make a commitment to the new material until DuPont had firm data on its snack food appeal to microbes and on the rate at which it would disappear. Some suspected that the big opportunity with P&G had been missed because of the absence seizure of solid test data.To test the material, which by this time had been registered as Biomax, and to assure the credibility of it data, the project recruited a highly respected company scientist on a parttime basis. Henn Kilkson was a DuPont Fellow with experience in biodegradation. His job was to design and implement a system for evaluating the biodegradation of the new material. The choice of Kilkson for this job was deliberate he was, in fact, DuPonts representative to both an international committee and one formed by the American Society of interrogatory and Materials to set standards for biodegrabability.Before long, Kilksons researchers were busily making and composting prototype diapers that in incorporatedd the newly developed laminated material. Using a max composting facility in Fair- field, Connecticut as a test bed , researchers welted the 2 DuPonts Biomax prototypes into the unsavory mess, and at the end of the composting cycle raked through the remains to observe the number and size of the remaining materials. This exercise determined the rate of disintegration, just never answered the question of biodegradability.Meanwhile, Kilkson found a European company that was actively gnarly in compost testing. A number of trials with Biomax samples were conducted all indicated a elevateable rate of biodegradation. However, Kilkson was not at rest with the validity of these tests. Researchers also struck up a relationship with the city of Charlotte, northwest Carolina, which had a course of instruction for bagging and composing grass, leaves, and other yard wastes. The Charlotte facility used lots of manpower to empty bags of waste into a huge grinder and then transfer the ground waste to a composting pile.If employees could simply toss these bags into the grinder without having to cut them ope n and dispose of them separately, program managers reasoned that they could save substantially on tire out costs. Of course, the ground up remnants of these bags would have to disappear and quickly. The DuPont people gave the Charlotte facility a supply of net bags made from Biomax and enlisted their collaboration in testing biodegradable characteristics. Ideally, all remnants of these bags would be undetectable in less than a year.The bags themselves were made at a DuPont plant in Canada using a process introduced by a research associate in an- other laboratory. Employees in that tab were, like Rollins people, also searching feverishly for commercially attractive projects that the operating units of the company would support. Results at the Charlotte facility were positive. Not only did the bags decompose quickly, but they degraded biologically as well. The Charlotte experiment gave the Biomax team more or lessthing to cheer about. The bag-making plant in Canada was also lift u p it as well was looking for a big market to serve.Things were at last looking up. But sincere customers willing to write out real purchase orders were still illusory. Meanwhile, Down in the Banana Groves By 1992, the Ron Rollins Success group had been disbanded and Biomax seemed destined to sit on the shelf-one of many good ideas developed by DuPont scientists for which no market application could be found. Before this happened, however, the material caught the eye of terrycloth Fadem, head of the bodied Development Group. Fadem thought that Biomax was worth another try.Even though a real customer had not signed on, the new polymer had two important features first, no major capital investment would be needed to produce it in commercial quantities and second, the potential market for a biodegradable alternative to the mountains of synthetic materials piling up in the industrialized world was huge-at least in the abstract. European consumer products companies, Fadem knew, were fa cing much stricter environmental controls than were their North American counterparts. The Greens were an active political force, particularly in Germany. Perhaps he could get some commitment from a European customer.According to Fadem, I was of the opinion that if that didnt work, or if we didnt get some crock up in the market that was big enough, that we should either put the technology on the shelf or sell it off So Fadem provided funds to support a small team of people working part time to keep the project alive As luck would have it, a break in favor of 3 DuPonts Biomax Biomax appeared, but from a source that neither Fadem nor anyone else would have anticipated the banana plantations of rib Rica. Steve Gleich was a senior technical researcher working the DuPonts Research Division for Agricultural Products.A chemical engine driver by training, Gleich was experimenting with different packaging systems for controlling the delivery of pesticides. One was by means of a water sol uble bio-disappearing film, as he later described it. The pesticide was distributed evenly through the film when the film became cockeyed it disappeared into the soil, leaving the chemical behind. Thus, farm workers could lay lengths of the chemical-laden material over a row of strawberries, for example, and the first irrigate or rain would lay down a perfectly even and prescribed dose on the button where it was needed. Gleich was aware of the Biomax project.He was also familiar with work on biodegradables being conducted by a joint punt company owned by ConAgra and DuPont. One day, another packaging engineer told Gleich, If you solve the banana bag problem down in Costa Rica, youll be a big hero. Banana bag problem? Gleich had no idea what he meant. So the engineer pulled a low-density polyethylene bag from his drawer. They use millions of pounds of this stuff in the banana plantations, he said. They put a bag over every banana bunch. Some are impregnated with pesticides, but most are simply used as little hot-houses to ripen the take and protect it from bruises. This bit of information flipped on a switch in Gleichs mind. Millions of pounds of nondegradable polyethylene translated into two things big revenues for the vendor and a massive waste disposal problem for growers. If a bag material could be designed to disintegrate and biodegrade at the right time, growers could eliminate major labor and waste handling costs. Working with contacts in Fadems development unit, Gleich arranged to have 50 bags made from Biomax and sent down to a sales agent working with Delmontes banana operation in Costa Rica.These bags were used to cover the fruit in the normal way and were observed over a 3-4 month period. As the bananas were harvested, the bags, now brittle, began to break apart into small strips and fall to the ground, where they could easily be raked up and composted. These first bags, however, turned brittle too soon in the cycle of fruit production, causin g some bruising. So the enterprising researcher asked for another batch of bags slightly heavier and formulated to come apart more readily.This second batch worked much cleanse and Delmonte and its competitors, Dole and Chiquita, were soon expressing interest. They also wanted to explore applications for melons, strawberries, and other fruit. Ironically because of an internal squabble in the midst of the field manager and his counterpart at the head office, the field manager refused to install the redesigned banana bags and this application reached a dead-end. About this time Steve Gleich was designate new duties within his business unit and his involvement in the Biomax project waned.The little band of part timers continued seeking applications. Some new potential agricultural applications emerged, but the project was going nowhere fast. Finally, Fadem convinced senior management to provide substantial corporate funding for a high profile advertising campaign soliciting inquiri es. Approximately thirty serious responses were received. 4 DuPonts Biomax They were deemed sufficiently promising that in 1996 Biomax was transferred out of development and into DuPonts polyester resins and intermediates business unit.When Fadems team contacted the business unit manager to initiate the handoff, the manger asked where the prototype materials had been manufactured. She was surprised when Fadem told her that the prototype production had been done in her manufacturing facilities. surplus applications development work was required before significant production could be undertaken, and hence, even after the transfer, Terry Fadems team remained involved. A product manager in the business unit was assigned the task of finish the technical and market development for Biomax.Unfortunately for the project, he had only just begun the effort when he was promoted. The project was at a standstill for almost a year until a new product manager was assigned and brought up to speed. The second product manager forced his team to assess the thirty plus leads that had been generated by the advertising campaign and to select four on which to focus. As of mid 2000, development of the product and the search for commercial applications continued. The new product manager was convinced that the first significant revenues were just around the corner. 5

Preludes by T.S Elliot and Vitae Lampada by Sir Henry Newton Essay

Reading both poems for the branchly time, there seemed to be no distinct or even vague similarities between the two poems, serves, by T.S Elliot and Vitae Lampada by Sir Henry Newton. However, after reading each thoroughly a few more clock and carefully evaluating them, several(prenominal) key similarities and as always, differences, began to reveal themselves.Both Preludes as well as Vitae Lampada begines with a time introductory statement. Theres a breathless hush in the close tonight. From Vitae Lampada, and The pass evening settles down from Preludes. Both these sentences inform us of the time, a sort of evening, just after dark. The in truth next sentences from each poem are also similar. Ten to make and a match to take in and With smells of steaks in passageways.These sentences are written by the poets to set a scene, as one would set a scene in a drama play, but in poetry, with words. These two sentences give us a strong visual image of what the rest of the poem is about . Ten to make and a match to winnings is similar to that of a game of cricket, and as in cricket, it gives a certain tension of the stakes, to win the match. Preludes With smells of steaks in passageways gives us a vision of a lonely passageway, with smells of steaks suggests that the person the author is describing could perhaps be an outcast of society, wondering around the streets in evening.Vitae Lampada goes further into describing itself. And Its not for the sake of a ribboned coat, or the selfish hope of a seasons fame. -immediately tells us that what they are encountering in their match, what they wishing to win, is not a one man team, but rather the whole team working as one. Not for personal glory but for much higher stakes, for the entire team.Preludes now introduces a forecast of a low, dirty place. The grimy scraps, of withered leaves about your feet. A grimy place, a dirty place, somewhere that is not well maintained, with stray withered leaves across the floor. Th e next few lines The showers beat on disquieted blinds and chimney pots. Once again an image of a badly maintained place, with rain beating on broken pots that are left poop. On the whole, a negative image.Vitae Lampada, is also setting in a negative image, an image of lost hope and despair. The sand of the desert is sodden red -Red with the wreck of a square that broke A square, in this case is referring to a formation of troops. Sir Henry Newbolt is comparing the aspect of war, with a game of cricket and this extended metaphor has worked exceedingly well in managing to contrast and until now bring the two closer together. Sodden red suggests that a great many soldiers have died and their filiation spilled across the battlefield.The next two lines, add deeper to the feeling of despair. The gatlings jammed and the colonel dead, And the control blind with system and smoke The soldiers that Sir Henry Newbolt is referring to here is not in a bright situation, with their guns jam med, and their leader (colonel) dead, and the entire regiment of them blind in the dust and smoke, it is indeed apparent that a deep feeling of desolation is introduced. And, as in Preludes, a negative image is painted.Revolving around time appears to be the main theme in Preludes. The start of the indorse stanza the morning comes to consciousness, lets us know that the morning has come, after the evening in the first stanza. And time is also in the fourth stanza the conscience of a blackened street. could possibly mean after dark. And a few lines before, four and five and six oclock suggests that time is moving quickly.The last-place stanza of Vitae Lampada uses a few strong words possibly to reinforce its meaning. Every one of her sons moldiness examine, and none that hears it dare forget. Her sons, this of course, means the countrys people and the strong word must hear, hear the patriotism perhaps? And dare forget. dare is a strong word, a threat even. Threatening them to re member their loyalty, and to never forget it.Vitae Lampadas last few lines, bring a sudden contrast, compared to the rest of the poem. The second stanza is an image of despair, but here, the final touch to the sense of patriotism is added. Bear through life kindred a torch in flame, and falling fling to the host behind. This sentence carries a great conceive of meaning to the main theme of the poem. Bear through life like a torch in flame suggests that these troops, instead of hopelessness, now carry a symbol, a beacon of light. The torch, could be as a baton is passed on in a game of relay. As falling fling to the host behind. When a soldier falls in battle, his effort is not lost, not wasted, but instead, passed on to those behind, as they march forward, with the flaming torch.These two poems have indeed, very different ideas and themes, but they both have several things in common. For a start, both Preludes and Vitae Lampada use time description to allow the reader a window in which to see the rest of the poem. Both are describing, metaphorically, aspects of life. And they both, to an extent, use negative images to describe, to paint their visual images to the reader.

A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen

The free rein A dolls suffer is written by Henrik Ibsen and was adapted into a film in 1973. It deals with gender discrimination in the Victorian age. It highlights specifically the paths women of the West have treaded to find respect and constituteity. Ibsen makes it achievable to imagine the barbarities that existed within the rectitude and society of those multiplication. Through the years, controversial writings like these, have designedly or unintentionally coerce women to rise up and reclaim their rightful legal and civil rights.In the Victorian Period truth dictated that property children and income belonged solely to men. Divorce or Separation was unthinkable. Women who worked were frowned upon by society. Their status was equivalent to the slaves, criminals or the insane. The main role of a woman was to reproduce children, keep the house clean, and feed the children while their married mans worked.It is grim that although women in the developed world have found equa l rights in this century through variant equal rights acts and amendments however the women of the developing world still lack rudimentary rights and struggle allday surrounded by gender power relationships.The entire film takes place at Mr. and Mrs. Torvald Helmers Apartment. The film is set in Norway in the late 1800s during Christmas time. This one get on shows various dark glasses of lie, discrimination, arrogance and dishonesty exhibited by society. The room is a microscopic vision of the world. It shows the plight and suffering of each woman in every household all around the world. The fact that Nora does not direct the room throughout the film shows how she is entrapped in this Victorian Doll House.The protagonist of the film is Nora, a Victorian affection class woman. She is ruled by her hubby and complete oblivious to her state of unfulfillment. She is thrown into a laborious situation and to protect her husband and family commits forgery. Unaware of the legal co nsequences she tries dishonestly to obtain a loan. She sits on a puffy pink obscure thinking that her special status would always protect her and her kids in the essence of the state. However, the law expects her to know better.The hypocrisy of the system hits Nora and she tries to break out of her Victorian Doll like shell. She desires a life less frivolous, so she decides to work independently and earn money. She starts enjoying this new found freedom. Her relationship with her husband also spirals downwards and sows the inseminate of doubt and self reflection.Ibsen broke boundaries when he ended the original piece of cake with Nora rebelling against her husband, her father and ultimately the patriarchal society. However, the controversial ending caused shock and disagreement and forced him to change the ending. He later on lived to affliction the change.The theme of the play made audiences agree that women should get equal give birth for equal work equal rights to enjoy an independent self sufficient life rights to child hold and divorce equal elevation in legal matters Equal access to knowledge. It is unfortunate that Victorian times were so suffocating that Nora had to leave her husband or she would continue to be treated as zip fastener more than a pure rag doll. She was just an inanimate object, dispensable by others and deserved no respect, rights or esteem.Works Cited pageJohnston, Ian. (July 2000). On Ibsens A Dolls House. Johnstonia. Retrieved April 3rd 200. http//www.mala.bc.ca/johnstoi/introser/ibsen.htmGillis, G. J. and Westhagen, Jen. SparkNote on A Dolls House. 2 Apr. 2007 . A Dolls House by Henrik IbsenThe play A dolls house is written by Henrik Ibsen and was adapted into a film in 1973. It deals with gender discrimination in the Victorian age. It highlights specifically the paths women of the West have treaded to find respect and equality. Ibsen makes it possible to imagine the barbarities that existed within the law and society of those times. Through the years, controversial writings like these, have intentionally or unintentionally forced women to rise up and reclaim their rightful legal and civil rights.In the Victorian Period law dictated that property children and income belonged solely to men. Divorce or Separation was unthinkable. Women who worked were frowned upon by society. Their status was equivalent to the slaves, criminals or the insane. The main role of a woman was to reproduce children, keep the house clean, and feed the children while their husbands worked.It is sad that although women in the developed world have found equal rights in this century through various equal rights acts and amendments however the women of the developing world still lack basic rights and struggle everyday between gender power relationships.The entire film takes place at Mr. and Mrs. Torvald Helmers Apartment. The film is set in Norway in the late 1800s during Christmas time. This one room shows various shades of hyp ocrisy, discrimination, arrogance and dishonesty exhibited by society. The room is a microscopic vision of the world. It shows the plight and suffering of every woman in every household all around the world. The fact that Nora does not leave the room throughout the film shows how she is entrapped in this Victorian Doll House.The protagonist of the film is Nora, a Victorian middle class woman. She is ruled by her husband and complete oblivious to her state of unfulfillment. She is thrown into a difficult situation and to protect her husband and family commits forgery. Unaware of the legal consequences she tries dishonestly to obtain a loan. She sits on a puffy pink cloud thinking that her special status would always protect her and her kids in the eye of the state. However, the law expects her to know better.The hypocrisy of the system hits Nora and she tries to break out of her Victorian Doll like shell. She desires a life less frivolous, so she decides to work independently and ear n money. She starts enjoying this new found freedom. Her relationship with her husband also spirals downwards and sows the seed of doubt and self reflection.Ibsen broke boundaries when he ended the original play with Nora rebelling against her husband, her father and ultimately the patriarchal society. However, the controversial ending caused shock and disagreement and forced him to change the ending. He later on lived to regret the change.The theme of the play made audiences agree that women should get equal pay for equal work equal rights to enjoy an independent self sufficient life rights to child custody and divorce equal stature in legal matters Equal access to knowledge. It is unfortunate that Victorian times were so suffocating that Nora had to leave her husband or she would continue to be treated as nothing more than a mere rag doll. She was just an inanimate object, dispensable by others and deserved no respect, rights or esteem.Works Cited PageJohnston, Ian. (July 2000). O n Ibsens A Dolls House. Johnstonia. Retrieved April 3rd 200. http//www.mala.bc.ca/johnstoi/introser/ibsen.htmGillis, G. J. and Westhagen, Jen. SparkNote on A Dolls House. 2 Apr. 2007 .